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Tobacco production in Sub-Saharan Africa is fraught with trafficking and exploitation risks, including child labor, tenant farming abuse, and hazardous seasonal work. Most production takes place in Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia, where tenant farming and seasonal work create deep vulnerabilities. In Malawi, tenant farmers often fall into debt bondage, going unpaid for months...

This section of the Fair Hiring Toolkit provides a tailored introduction to the materials for governments and public policy actors, including an overview of the most relevant tools and guidance with an explanation of how these tools can support the work of governments and other public policy actors.

Cameroon’s blend of export-oriented agriculture and informal labor markets embeds trafficking vulnerabilities across multiple sectors. Children and displaced individuals face heightened risks in export-driven agriculture, particularly in cotton, tea, and cocoa. Artisanal gold mining, gravel extraction, fishing, and construction also expose workers to exploitation. Key exports such as mineral fuels, wood, fruits, nuts, and aluminum...

Historic conflict, pervasive poverty, and a largely informal workforce amplify trafficking risks in Sierra Leone. Though the country has been politically stable since its civil war ended in 2002, Sierra Leone continues to face structural challenges: more than 90 percent of employment remains informal, and mineral exports—including iron ore, wood, metals, cocoa, and fish—account for over...

Cabo Verde faces trafficking risks tied to child labor in agriculture and fishing, alongside vulnerabilities among migrant and informal workers. Although Cabo Verde is relatively stable with key exports in fish, garments, and animal hides, trafficking risk persists, particularly among children in export supply chains such as agriculture and fishing. Migration, both outgoing and incoming,...