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Palm oil production, a global staple, is associated with forced labor, child labor, and trafficking in several producing countries. Workers often face hazardous conditions, including long hours, low wages, and exposure to harmful chemicals. The industry is characterized by complex supply chains, with palm oil produced on large plantations and smallholder farms. Certifications like the...

Gold mining is closely tied to forced labor, child labor, and trafficking, especially in informal and artisanal operations. In countries like Burkina Faso, Mali, and Peru, miners often face hazardous conditions, including exposure to mercury and cyanide. Informal recruitment practices, criminal control, and smuggling further entrench exploitation. Despite its high value and portability, gold is...

Kenya’s large informal labor force and regional instability strain protections and raise trafficking risks across key supply chains. As a lower-middle-income country, agriculture remains the largest employer, though over 15 million workers (out of 18 million) are in the informal sector, where enforcement of labor protections is weak. Conflict and refugee movement from neighboring states...

Ongoing economic fragility and weak labor protections in The Gambia expose vulnerable groups to trafficking risks across informal sectors. As a low-income country with limited economic diversification, The Gambia relies heavily on groundnuts (about 80% of agricultural revenue), remittances, and tourism, while over 75% of workers are in the informal economy. The 2022 U.S. Trafficking in Persons...

The “Assess” element refers to the processes by which companies take stock of human rights risks and harms caused by their operations and those of their supply chain partners.