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Citrus fruits, essential components of global diets, are vulnerable to child labor in certain regions. In Belize and Turkey, where citrus production has been documented with child labor, gaps in oversight and seasonal workforce demands expose families, especially children, to exploitation. The labor intensive nature of harvesting and packing combined with limited transparency reinforces these...

The Democratic Republic of the Congo’s vast mineral wealth and fragmented governance create high-risk environments for trafficking across resource sectors. Mining of copper, cobalt, gold, diamonds, and tin occurs under hazardous conditions, particularly in artisanal and small-scale operations. Armed groups and criminal networks exploit opaque supply chains to fund conflict, while children and vulnerable adults...

Eritrea’s compulsory national service and fragile institutional framework leave its sectors particularly vulnerable to government facilitated forced labor. Conscripts, including youth and former service members, are frequently deployed to work in mining, agriculture, and public infrastructure without adequate protections or demobilization. Reports indicate these forced labor dynamics are sustained by state policies, with no evidence...

Côte d’Ivoire’s reliance on agricultural exports and migration networks creates layered vulnerabilities to trafficking across rural and border regions. Children and seasonal workers in cocoa, coffee, and palm oil production face coercive recruitment, dangerous conditions, and withheld wages. Informal migration routes and intermediaries further expose them to forced labor and exploitation in agricultural and extractive...

Jewels and gemstones are produced in contexts where forced labor, child labor, and trafficking are significant concerns. Countries such as Burma, Madagascar, Zambia, Colombia, and Tanzania report significant risks. The industry is fragmented and opaque, with stones changing hands multiple times between mining and manufacturing. This lack of traceability, combined with hazardous working conditions and...

This resource suite provides tools to help businesses track labor conditions and improve supply chain due diligence. It focuses on addressing risks like forced labor and promoting transparency and ethical practices.

Ongoing conflict and widespread instability undermine Ethiopia’s ability to prevent trafficking and protect vulnerable populations. Civil war in Tigray and intercommunal violence have disrupted rule of law and essential services. Agriculture remains the main livelihood for over 80% of Ethiopians, while exports—such as coffee, flowers, and apparel—are tied to risk-prone sectors. Instances of child labor...