Trafficking Risk in Sub-Saharan African Supply Chains

Home / Explore by Commodity / Explore by Country / Understand Risk / Additional Resources About the Project

Uganda Country Overview

Politics

The current president, Yoweri Museveni, has been in power since 1986. The most recent presidential elections were held in 2016, and international observers claimed that they fell short of the standards used to determine “free and fair” elections. The Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) has waged an insurgency in the north for about 20 years, although violence has fallen off in recent years.[1]

Economy

Uganda is classified as a low-income economy by the World Bank, although the economy has expanded by six percent each year over the past 10 years. This growth can be attributed to growth in the energy, construction, infrastructure, telecommunications, and financial services sectors.[2] Uganda’s main exports include coffee, transportation apparatus, petroleum, cement, and cane sugar.[3] In 2013, 71.9 percent of employed Ugandan people worked in agriculture, and the industry contributed 24.7 percent to the GDP.[4]

Social/Human Development

As of 2012, the World Bank reported that 19.5 percent of the population was living in poverty. Since 1995, the Ugandan life expectancy has steadily increased from 43.7 to 58.4 years in 2012. Uganda’s HDI for 2014 was 0.483, placing Uganda 163rd of 188 countries. When adjusted for inequality, Uganda’s fell to 0.337.[5]

The largest ethnic groups are the Bantu-speaking tribes like the Baganda, Ankole, and Kiga, as well as the Nilotic Lango, Acholi, Iteso and Karamojong.[6]

Uganda hosts a large number of refugees, primarily from South Sudan.

U.S. Department of State TIP Report Summary (2023)

U.S. Department of State TIP Ranking: Tier 2

The U.S. Department of State’s Trafficking in Persons report notes trafficking or trafficking risk in potentially exported supply chains including agriculture, fishing, forestry, cattle herding, mining, stone quarrying, brick making, carpentry, and steel manufacturing. Girls and women are vulnerable to sex trafficking near construction projects. There are reports that children from Burundi, DRC, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, and Tanzania are involved in forced labor in Uganda’s agriculture sector.

Migrant and Other Vulnerable Populations

The World Bank reports Uganda’s net migration to be negative 150,000 people as of 2012, and in 2015 there were an estimated 749,471 international migrants in the country.[7] The U.N. reports that 1.4 percent of the Ugandan population are migrants.[8] There were 694,159 “persons of concern” in Uganda in 2015. Of those, approximately 477,187 were refugees.[9] In 2016 more refugees entered Uganda than crossed the Mediterranean. These refugees are primarily from the conflict in South Sudan.[10]

Exports and Trade

The top exports from Uganda include coffee, tea, gold, maize, mineral fuel, and fish.[11]
The top importing countries of goods from Uganda include Rwanda, Italy, Netherlands, Germany, and India.[12]

Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors Analysis

Legal/Policy Risk Factors

LEVEL OF LEGAL PROTECTION FOR CIVIL LIBERTIES AND WORKERS’ RIGHTS

Freedom of Association

Ugandan law allows workers to form and join independent unions, bargain collectively, and take industrial action against their employers. Members of the armed forces are exempt from such legal protections. While the law in Uganda protects workers’ right to bargain collectively, in practice the government reportedly does not adequately ensure that these rights are protected. The ITUC Survey of Annual Violations reports that arrests are common among trade unionists. Collective agreement is ignored, the right to organize is denied, and a lack of collective bargaining in the public sector is common.[13] The ITUC rated Uganda a “3” in their 2015 report. A “3” rating states that a country “regularly violated rights” of workers.[14]

Working Conditions

The 2016 minimum wage in Uganda is UGX 6,000 (USD 1.7). This has not changed since January 1, 1984. The maximum workweek is 48 hours and the minimum workweek is 10 hours. The workweek may be 56 hours a week with the worker’s consent. Occupational Health and Safety is responsible for enforcing safety regulations. Workers in the informal sector are not fully covered by labor law. There are 49 district labor officers for the 112 districts.[15]

Discrimination

The U.S. Department of State reports that discrimination (often in the form of violent acts) is common among marginalized groups such as women, disabled people, the LGBTQI, and children. Women have reported discrimination when trying to access employment, credit, and income.[16]

Forced Labor

Ugandan laws prohibit forced labor by all, including children. However, the law does not protect the labor rights of prisoners.[17]

Child Labor

Under Ugandan law, children who are 15 years of age and older who have completed their education may work seven hours a day and are not to exceed 35 hours a week. Children 13 years of age may partake in “light work” as long as it does not interfere with their education. Children cannot work between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m. Violating child labor laws results in a UGX 685,055 (USD 188) fine. A conviction under child labor law has not occurred since 2006.[18]

Civil Society Organizations

In 2016, Amnesty International reported that Uganda experienced large levels of police brutality as well as attacks against activists, journalists, and media workers. Hostility between civil society organizations and authorities continued throughout the year and to the present.[19]

Ratification of ILO Conventions Related to Human Trafficking or Rights of Workers and Migrants

[20]

Political Risk Factors

POLITICAL INSTABILITY OR CONFLICT

In 2016, the Fund for Peace (FFP) reported that Uganda is 97.7 out of 120 (being the most unstable), placing the nation in the “alert” category for fragility and instability. Uganda is also ranked by the FFP as the twenty-third most unstable nation out of 178 countries assessed.[21] Violence from the Lord’s Resistance Army has continued but at a decreased pace.[22]

LEVEL OF CRIME AND VIOLENCE

Organized crime is not common in Uganda. The risk for political, economic, religious and ethnic violence is rated as “medium” by the Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC).[23] The Allied Democratic Forces are active near the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[24]

STATE PERSECUTION

State forces have used force with impunity against anti-government protestors, including arbitrary arrests, torture, and extrajudicial killings.[25] The police have also been documented systematically targeting LGBTQI groups with violence and intimidation throughout the year.[26]

LEVEL OF CORRUPTION

The Transparency International Corruption Perception Index scores Uganda as a 25 out of 100. A 100 signifies “Very Clean” while a 0 signifies “Highly Corrupt.” Internationally, Uganda is ranked at 139 of 167 countries assessed in 2015.[27]

Socio-Economic Risk Factors

LEVEL OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) reports a 27.3 percent inequality in income. As of 2014, Uganda’s HDI was valued at .483.[28] The African Development Bank Group reports that they expect Uganda’s GDP to reach 5.8 percent in 2017 and that corruption is one of the biggest constraints on growth.[29]

LEVEL AND EXTENT OF POVERTY

As of 2011 Uganda was ranked 163 with a poverty index of .359 by the UNDP Human Development Reports.[30] 20.6 percent of the Ugandan population lives near poverty, 33.33 percent of the population lives in poverty, and 37.8 percent of the population lives below the income poverty line.[31] 

DEGREE OF GENDER INEQUALITY

Ugandan law provides for equal rights for men and women, but discrimination against women reportedly remains widespread. Some forms of local customary law prohibit women from owning property, and there is discrimination against women in divorce, employment, and education. Sexual harassment reportedly remains widespread.[32] Domestic violence also remains a widespread problem and is reportedly not adequately punished by legal authorities.[33]

LANDLESSNESS AND DISPOSSESSION

Land conflicts are common in Uganda and often result in violence. Land conflicts often arise in Hoima and Amuru District tied to tension arising from oil discoveries.[34] Large-scale land acquisition has also been documented around palm oil plantation development.[35]

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

The main environmental issues in Uganda are widespread poaching, the draining of wetlands for agricultural irrigation projects, and invasive species in Lake Victoria.[36]

Documented Trafficking and Trafficking Risk in Key Commodity Supply Chains

Sugarcane

SUGARCANE OVERVIEW

The sugar industry is one of the oldest industries in the country. [38] Sugarcane production in Uganda has increased by nearly 20% per year over the last 10 years. The boom stems from poverty eradication efforts and prosperity for all Ugandans. The central government has encouraged farmers to invest in commercial agricultural enterprises, with sugarcane cultivation being highly preferred as it is perceived to be more profitable and economically valuable. [39] Farmers are currently supplying about 50% of the total cane requirement of the major sugar factories. Sugarcane is sourced from the Lake Victoria region and other parts of the country where farmers usually grow it in large- and small-scale operations.[40] As of 2021, Uganda ranks as the number one sugar producer in East Africa.

DOCUMENTED TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS RISK FACTORS IN SUGARCANE PRODUCTION

The Ugandan sugarcane sector uses vulnerable workers including children, migrants, and casual hired workers. The U.S. Department of State’s Trafficking in Persons indicates that sugarcane is produced with child labor in Uganda. [41] A recent study showed that child labor instances in sugarcane have been found in the Central and Eastern Regions of Uganda. Reports further claim that children work on out-growers farms as both planters and harvesters and are subject to exploitation, sexual abuse, increased sexually transmitted infections, and deprivation of education.[42] There is a high level of high school dropouts and those that do attend school often leave school to work on sugarcane plantations. Child labor is present at all stages of sugarcane production including growing, harvesting, production, and supply chains

Coffee

COFFEE OVERVIEW

Uganda had a record year for coffee production in 2015 – 2016, with 4.5 million bags produced during the marketing year. [43] Coffee exports declined in 2021 by 4.9% because of lower yields from arabica trees. [44] The country previously shipped 469,951 60kg bags in 2020 compared with 446,560 bags in 2021. The primary reasons for the export drop come from the decreased demand for Ugandan coffee and thus a lower market price for the commodity. There are more than thirty companies engaged in exporting Ugandan coffee, but ten companies control over 80 percent of the market. Germany and Italy are the main destination countries for Ugandan coffee. [45] Over 98 percent of coffee in Uganda is grown on smallholder farms.[46] Smallholder farms often intercrop coffee with other crops such as grains, fruits, or vegetables.

DOCUMENTED TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS RISK FACTORS IN COFFEE PRODUCTION

The Ugandan coffee sector uses vulnerable workers including children, migrants, and casual hired workers. The U.S. Department of Labor’s 2020 List of Goods Made with Forced Labor and Child Labor indicates that coffee is produced with child labor in Uganda. [47] One study found that the average age at which children begin working in coffee in Uganda is eleven and that 48 percent of children working in the sector reported physical injuries.[48] A 2014 study on workers in Uganda and Ethiopia noted the presence of seasonal migrants but did not specify their origins. [49] There is currently an information gap on migrant workers in the country making it difficult to regulate the working conditions of both skilled and less-skilled immigrants. [50] Casual hired labor was also noted as widespread in a 2014 study of coffee production in Ethiopia and Uganda. [51]

 

Tea

TEA OVERVIEW

Tea production takes place on roughly 40,000 hectares of land. Tea production dropped sharply between 2015 and 2016, largely due to drought and lack of industry regulation. [52] During this time, Kenya and Rwanda’s tea production created greater competition in the tea industry, further hurting Uganda’s tea exports. Kenya increased their acreage dedicated to tea crops fourfold more than Uganda’s dedicated acreage and Rwanda had the added advantage of good soil and competitive prices. [53]  Most tea production in Uganda takes place on large estates, although smallholders are also present. [54]

DOCUMENTED TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS RISKS FACTORS IN TEA PRODUCTION

Like coffee, vulnerable workers are present in tea production. According to the U.S. Department of Labor 2020 List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor, tea is produced using child labor in Uganda. [55] A recent BBC investigation found hazardous child labor on a tea plantation in Uganda, where children carried seedlings up a steep hill and weeded rows.[56]

Among a sampled population in a small-holder tea-producing region in Uganda, over 50 percent of respondents had participated in waged labor on small tea farms in the past year. [57] Commercial estates utilize hired labor, but among these workers, there is likely to be heterogeneity in status: some may be permanent, some may be temporary, and some may be casual or hired by a third-party labor provider.

 

 A recent news report in Uganda reported Rwandans being “trafficked” into the country for work on tea plantations, although it is unclear whether the Rwandans were trafficked or participating in smuggling for voluntary migration. That said, it does point to the presence of migrant workers in the sector.[58] A UN report supports this finding, noting that “work on tea estates [in Uganda] is shunned by the local indigenous people of tea growing areas—they regard it as below their status. For this reason, workers come from other districts and even as far as Rwanda.” That report anecdotally estimates that migrants are 40-60 percent of the tea workforce. [59]

Gold

GOLD OVERVIEW

Gold is Uganda’s second-largest export product, largely due to the recent introduction of gold refining operations, thereby increasing the product’s export value. Uganda, which has refining capability, is thought to be a major regional receiver of gold smuggled from Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[60]

DOCUMENTED TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS RISKS FACTORS IN GOLD PRODUCTION

Global Witness has reported that unlicensed mines lack any government oversight or necessary safety provisions, exposing workers, including children, to potential mine shaft collapse and hazardous chemicals.[61] According to the 2016 U.S. Department of Labor’s List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor, gold is produced with child labor in Burkina Faso, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.[62] There are an estimated 50,000 migrants in mining camps.[63]

Mineral Fuels

MINERAL FUELS OVERVIEW

The Ugandan oil and gas industry is still very young. About 1.3 billion of Uganda’s estimated 6.5 billion barrels of oil are thought to be economically recoverable. Oil companies Total and Tullow Oil hold licenses to develop these resources but have yet to reach final investment agreements with the Ugandan government.[64] As of June 2021, the East African Oil Pipeline project is set to produce its first oil as early as 2025 with production expected to increase to 230,000 barrels per day by 2026.[65] These wells are being drilled on Lake Albert and Lake Edward, in addition to some land-based sites. [66] Oil in these areas was first discovered in 2006, but projects to export the oil have been delayed due to civil unrest, fiscal disputes, and the proposed route of the pipeline. The pipeline project will be the longest constructed in over 20 years and will provide Uganda with a route for oil export into international markets.

DOCUMENTED TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS RISK FACTORS IN MINERAL FUEL PRODUCTION

Land speculators in Uganda buy land from farmers in anticipation that they can resell the land to oil developers. The speculators work with District Land Boards to obtain titles to land and work to aggregate small properties into larger, more valuable parcels. There have been reports of violence and intimidation against local people who are not cooperative.[67]

Related Resources

Resources for Understanding Legal and Policy-Related Risk Factors

ABA Rule of Law Initiative Country Report: Uganda

Endnotes

[1] Cakaj, Ledio and Paul Ronan. “The Lord’s Resistance Army is finally weakening in central Africa. This could dismantle it.” The Washington Post. December 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/12/06/uganda-is-about-to-give-up-looking-for-joseph-kony-but-defection-messaging-could-bring-his-army-to-a-halt/?utm_term=.58145ebe3edd

[2] U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs. 2016 Investment Climate Statements: Uganda. 2016. https://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2016/af/254257.htm

[3] The World Bank. World Integrated Trade Solution. Uganda Trade Summary 2012 Data. 2012. https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/UGA/Year/2012/Summary

[4] U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs. 2016 Investment Climate Statements: Uganda. 2016. https://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2016/af/254257.htm

[5] World Bank. Uganda. https://data.worldbank.org/country/uganda

[6] Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). World Factbook: Uganda. 2017. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html

[7] The World Bank. Net Migration. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.NETM?locations=UG

[8] The World Bank. Net Migration. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.REFG?locations=UG

[9] United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). UNHCR Statistics. https://popstats.unhcr.org/en/overview

[10] Hattem, Julia. “More refugees entered Uganda last year than crossed the Mediterranean.” PRI. February 2017. https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-02-08/more-refugees-entered-uganda-last-year-crossed-mediterranean

[11] International Trade Centre. Trade Map. www.trademap.org

[12] International Trade Centre. Trade Map. www.trademap.org

[13] International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC). Uganda – ITUC Survey of violations of trade union rights. https://survey.ituc-csi.org/Uganda.html#tabs-3

[14] International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC). The 2015 ITUC Global Rights Index. 2015. https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/survey_global_rights_index_2015_en.pdf

[15] U.S. Department of State. Uganda 2016 Human Rights Report. 2016. https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265526.pdf

[16] U.S. Department of State. Uganda 2016 Human Rights Report. 2016. https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265526.pdf

[17] U.S. Department of State. Uganda 2016 Human Rights Report. 2016. https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265526.pdf

[18] U.S. Department of State. Uganda 2016 Human Rights Report. 2016. https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265526.pdf

[19] Amnesty International. Amnesty International Report 2015/16. 2016. https://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/annual_report_book_15_16_english-2.pdf

[20] International Labor Organization. Ratifications for Uganda. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11200:0::NO:11200:P11200_COUNTRY_ID:103324

[21] Fund for Peace. Fragile States Index 2016. 2016. https://fundforpeace.org/fsi/

[22] Cakaj, Ledio and Paul Ronan. “The Lord’s Resistance Army is finally weakening in central Africa. This could dismantle it.” The Washington Post. December 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/12/06/uganda-is-about-to-give-up-looking-for-joseph-kony-but-defection-messaging-could-bring-his-army-to-a-halt/?utm_term=.58145ebe3edd

[23] U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Diplomatic Security. Overseas Security Advisory Council. Uganda 2016 Crime and Safety Report. 2016. https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=19707

[24] United Nations Security Council. Allied Democratic Forces. https://www.un.org/sc/suborg/en/sanctions/1533/materials/summaries/entity/allied-democratic-forces-%28adf%29

[25] U.S. Department of State. Uganda 2016 Human Rights Report. 2016. https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265526.pdf

Human Rights Watch. Uganda: Events of 2016. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/uganda

[26] U.S. Department of State. Uganda 2016 Human Rights Report. 2016. https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265526.pdf

Human Rights Watch. Uganda: Events of 2016. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/uganda

[27] Transparency International. Corruption Perceptions Index 2015. 2015. https://www.transparency.org/cpi2015#results-table

[28] United Nations Development Program. Human Development Reports 2016: Uganda. 2016. https://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/UGA.pdf

[29] African Development Bank Group. Uganda Economic Outlook. https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/uganda/uganda-economic-outlook/

[30] United Nations Development Program. Multidimensional poverty index. https://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/38406

[31] United Nations Development Program. Human Development Reports 2016: Uganda. 2016. https://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/UGA.pdf

[32] U.S. Department of State. Uganda 2016 Human Rights Report. 2016. https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265526.pdf

[33] U.S. Department of State. Uganda 2016 Human Rights Report. 2016. https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265526.pdf

[34] Musumba, Micheal. Namati. Research on Land Conflicts and Solution in Uganda. December 2015. https://namati.org/resources/research-on-land-conflicts-and-solution-in-uganda/

[35] Mwesigwa, Alon. “Uganda farmers take on palm oil giants over land grab claims.” The Guardian. March 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/mar/03/ugandan-farmers-take-on-palm-oil-giants-over-land-grab-claims

[36] Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). World Factbook: Uganda. 2017. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html

[37] USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Uganda: 2016 Annual Coffee Report. May 2016. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Coffee%20Annual_Nairobi_Uganda_5-13-2016.pdf

[38] USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Uganda: 2016 Annual Coffee Report. May 2016. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Coffee%20Annual_Nairobi_Uganda_5-13-2016.pdf

[39] USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Uganda: 2016 Annual Coffee Report. May 2016. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Coffee%20Annual_Nairobi_Uganda_5-13-2016.pdf

[40] The Sustainable Trade Initiative (IDH). A Business Case For Sustainable Coffee Production. December 2013. https://www.sustainablecoffeeprogram.com/site/getfile.php?id=212.

[41] U.S. Department of Labor. 2016 List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. 2016.  https://www.dol.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ilab/reports/child-labor/findings/TVPRA_Report2016.pdf.

[42] Obua, P. BVSDE. Child Labour in commercial agriculture in Uganda. 2004. https://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd46/child.pdf.

[43] FTEPR. Fairtrade, Employment and Poverty Reduction in Ethiopia and Uganda. April 2014. https://ftepr.org/wp-content/uploads/FTEPR-Final-Report-19-May-2014-FINAL.pdf.

[44] FTEPR. Fairtrade, Employment and Poverty Reduction in Ethiopia and Uganda. April 2014. https://ftepr.org/wp-content/uploads/FTEPR-Final-Report-19-May-2014-FINAL.pdf.

[45] Matsiko, Philomena. “Uganda’s tea sector faces hard times this year.” The East African. April 2017. https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Uganda-tea-sector-faces-hard-times-this-year-/2560-3894772-12ac5n4/index.html

[46] Ezra, Munyambonera, Lakuma Paul Corti, and Guloba Madina. Economic Policy Research Centre (EPRC). Uganda’s Tea Sub-Sector: A Comparative Review of Trends, Challenges and Coordination Failures. 2014. https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/206133/.

[47] U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of International Labor Affairs (ILAB). 2016 List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. 2016. https://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/.

[48] O’Dowd, Vinnie and Danny Vincent. “Catholic Church linked to Uganda child labour.” BBC News. January 5, 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35220869

[49] Cramer, Christopher, Deborah Johnston, Bernd Mueller, Carlos Oya, and John Sender. Canadian Journal of Development Research. How to do (and how not to do) fieldwork on Fair Trade and rural poverty. 2014. https://ftepr.org/publications/#publication-563.

[50] Kakogoso, Vanansio. “43 Rwandans Arrested in Kabale Being Trafficked to Unknown Destination.” MK News Link. December 14, 2016. https://mknewslink.com/2016/12/14/43-rwandans-arrested-kabale-trafficked-unknown-destination/.

[51] Ezra, Munyambonera, Lakuma Paul Corti, and Guloba Madina. Economic Policy Research Centre (EPRC). Uganda’s Tea Sub-Sector: A Comparative Review of Trends, Challenges and Coordination Failures. 2014. https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/206133/.

[52] Human Rights Watch (HRW). Uganda: Undermined. June 2017. https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/oil-gas-and-mining/uganda-undermined/.

[53] Human Rights Watch (HRW).  Uganda: Undermined. June 2017. https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/oil-gas-and-mining/uganda-undermined/.

[54] U.S. Department of Labor. 2016 List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. 2016.  https://www.dol.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ilab/reports/child-labor/findings/TVPRA_Report2016.pdf.

[55] Human Rights Watch (HRW). Uganda: Undermined. June 2017. https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/oil-gas-and-mining/uganda-undermined/.

[56] Biryabarema, Elias. “Uganda gives Tullow Oil, Total production licences.” Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 30 Aug. 2016. Web. 14 Apr. 2017.

[57] Oil in Uganda. Oil and Dispossession. https://www.oilinuganda.org/features/land/land-oil-and-dispossession.html.

Oil in Uganda. Thugs Attack Busilia Villagers Who Say Their Land Was Stolen. https://www.oilinuganda.org/features/land/thugs-attack-buliisa-villagers-who-say-their-land-was-stolen.html#more-1366l.

Trafficking Risk in Sub-Saharan African Supply Chains

Home / Explore by Commodity / Explore by Country / Understand Risk / Additional Resources About the Project